Community Conservation Research Network |

Introducing the Community Conservation Research Network

Hillary Web Designer — Fri, 27 Nov 2015 18:42:22 +0000

The Community Conservation Research Network (CCRN) is an international initiative to understand and support the links between communities, conservation and livelihoods, and to seek out best governance practices to support the combination of community-based conservation and sustainable livelihoods.

The CCRN is a partnership of indigenous, community, university, governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The CCRN undertakes local-level community-based research and capacity building activities at our sites around the world, and works globally (notably through this website) to provide a focal point on the crucial themes of Communities, Conservation and Livelihoods. The CCRN’s research, which applies a consistent social-ecological systems lens, is producing a range of insights – on such themes as regional and community environmental governance, indigenous self-governance, local networking and the success of conservation initiatives – that will yield important lessons for communities, policy makers and decision makers at all levels, from local to global.

Network Director Dr. Anthony Charles discusses the CCRN’s central conceptual themes communities, conservation and livelihoods

Clayoquot Sound, Canada

CCRN — Thu, 22 Mar 2018 17:25:35 +0000

View the complete CCRN’s Clayoquot Sound Community Story as a PDF

Laura Loucks

Key Messages

• Collective action in an unsustainable social-ecological system can catalyse a shift towards increased community sustainability when supported with financial resources and appropriate local institutions.

• Cross-cultural knowledge sharing and place-based learning are integral to transforming social-ecological systems at the community level.

• Social innovation can assist with transformation when supported by a network of collaborative organizations with a shared set of principles and a united vision to inspire change.

Community Profile

For millennia, the Indigenous Nuu-chah-nulth people have had strong cultural and livelihood connections with the terrestrial, fresh water and marine ecosystems of the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Within this area, Clayoquot Sound is located primarily in the Nuu-chah-nulth Ha’ huulthii (homelands) of Hesquiaht, Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations, encompassing nearly 350,000 hectares of a complex and globally significant social-ecological landscape (Figure 1).

The ecosystems of Clayoquot Sound are rich in biodiversity and characterized by a large contiguous rainforest canopy of old growth western red cedar and western hemlock covering steep-sided coastal mountains throughout six watersheds.

There are five different species of Pacific salmon which originate from the rivers of Clayoquot Sound and each supports some element of culture, economy and food supply for eight different communities within the region: Hesquiaht, Ahousaht, Opitsaht, Tofino, Estowista/Ty-Histanis, Ucluelet, Hitacu and Macoah.

Figure 1: Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere region

In 2000, Clayoquot Sound was designated a United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Biosphere Reserve. The nomination for the protected area was made after more than a decade of conflict and community action to prevent the logging of old growth coastal temperate rainforests. The key conservation goals of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves are to conserve biodiversity and to safeguard the sustainability of natural and managed ecosystems by uniting communities and nations in peace and cooperation, through education, science, culture and communication ⁽¹⁰⁾.

Conservation and Livelihood Challenges

Resource extraction, conflict and collective action
Over the last 50 years, local communities have constantly struggled to assert local access rights to Crown resources and shape government policies for more sustainable resource management practices in fishing and logging. In the forestry industry, unresolved Aboriginal land claims and corporate rights to Timber Forest Licenses were at the heart of unsustainable land use. For example, logging companies commonly built roads along steep mountain slopes, despite the high risk of soil erosion and damage to stream and river habitats. Similarly, large tracts of old growth rainforest were clearcut, causing significant ecological damage without the consultation or consent of the Nuu-chah-nulth Ha’ wiih, who carry the traditional responsibility to preside over and protect the Nuu-chah-nulth Ha’ huulthii⁽⁹⁾.

However, in 1982 the affirmation of Aboriginal rights and treaty rights within Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution marked an enormous shift in Canadian Law⁽⁵⁾. These rights were further strengthened in the seminal Meares Island Case, which catalyzed a transformation process still underway in Clayoquot Sound⁽⁵⁾.

In 1984, a coalition of leaders and residents from Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation and the town of Tofino sought to protect Meares Island, within Clayoquot Sound, from being logged by the MacMillan Bloedel forestry company. The Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council claimed the island as part of the traditional territory to which it had Aboriginal title and sought a court injunction against the logging of the Island. Subsequently, the logging company requested their own court injunction against the coalition. In an unprecedented decision, the British Columbia Court of Appeal granted the injunction to the Nuu-chah-nulth based on the irreversible damages of unsustainable forestry practices⁽⁵⁾. In the words of Justice Seaton,

“It appears that the area to be logged will be wholly logged. The forest that the Indians know and use will be permanently destroyed. The tree from which the bark was partially stripped in 1642 may be cut down, middens may be destroyed, fish traps damaged and canoe runs despoiled. Finally, the island’s symbolic value will be gone. The subject matter of the trial will be destroyed before the rights are decided”^{(5, pg.149)}.

The victory of the Meares Island Case also marked the beginning of the Tla-o-qui-aht assertion of rights and title to the Meares Island Tribal Park, and 10 years of conflict⁽⁹⁾. In 1994, in an effort to resolve an escalating environmental campaign, the British Columbia government announced a Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound. Through this, the Nuu-chah-nulth principle of hishuk-ish-ts’awalk (everything is one and interconnected) inspired a set of new hybrid protocols designed to respect both traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and scientific knowledge systems^(6).Recommendations of the scientific panel were eventually instituted through watershed management plans that now provide the foundation for adaptive ecosystem management in the region. One plan is in the Indigenous community of Ahousaht, where Chief Maquinna has noted:

“The Ahousaht believe that this is the beginning of a new era, based on recognition and celebration of Ahousaht people and culture, conservation of the world-class forest and marine resources of Clayoquot Sound, and the development of a more diversified, sustainable local economy, including community forestry.”⁽⁸⁾

A recent challenge concerns the decline of fishing and logging livelihoods over the last decade. On the other hand, employment in nature tourism has rapidly grown, and is now one of the main economic forces for West Coast communities, attracting over one million visitors per year⁽⁴⁾. However, several warning signs indicate the steady growth of tourism has potentially exceeded the sustainable capacity of many communities within the Biosphere Reserve. For example, the escalating rise in the number of West Coast visitors is strongly correlated with the increased seasonal demand on emergency medical services, increased summer drought vulnerability, lower average income levels and a reduced supply of long-term affordable housing units⁽⁴⁾.

Community Initiatives

Today, the principles and protocols established by the Scientific Panel are embodied in local community organizations with new governance models based on the shared desire to build a sustainable future on West Coast Vancouver Island. One such example is the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (CBT), which is led by a voluntary board of directors, representing all local First Nations and communities within the Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve, with a vision:

“…to live sustainably in a healthy ecosystem with a diversified economy and strong, vibrant and united cultures while embracing the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nations living philosophies of Iisaak, (living respectfully), Qwa’aak qin teechmis (life in balance) and Hishuk ish ts’awalk (all things are connected)”⁽²⁾.

In monitoring community development trends using a range of sustainability indicators, CBT raised the above-noted tourism issue. Given the potential negative impacts, local leaders worked to identify ways to diversify tourism livelihoods with elements of the knowledge and sharing economy. A new West Coast learning initiative⁽⁷⁾ was started, including (i) an initiative to identify community education needs and priorities, involving local organisations, educational institutions and government agencies; (ii) partnerships between organisations throughout the Biosphere region and between municipal and provincial governments, to align job training priorities; and (iii) leveraging of funds within the region to support an education asset inventory⁽³⁾ and research on the feasibility of education tourism to build local learning capacity and develop a visitor market demand for place-based education⁽⁷⁾.

In 2016, a collaboration of the CBT, First Nations, municipal governments, local education organizations and destination marketing organizations, launched the West Coast NEST (Nature, Education, Sustainability, Transformation) to connect people to all current learning opportunities offered in the region, focusing on four key market sectors: university field schools, professional development courses, adult learning and youth learning opportunities.

The vision is to enable all local community members and education-oriented organizations to participate fully in the learning economy, together with visiting learners⁽⁷⁾(Figure 2). By linking learning with tourism, the West Coast NEST is creating a global network of learners who can help catalyze a new local economic opportunity while shifting values towards sustainable livelihoods.

Figure 2: Nuu-chah-nulth Elder Ray Haipee teaching visiting learners.

Nested within the Nuu-chah-nulth values of Iisaak, qwa’aak qin teechmis and hishuk ish ts’awalk, the education tourism initiative is an opportunity to transform conventional tourism to attract a different type of visitor: one who wants to stay longer on the West Coast, learn from local people, experience local culture and contribute to stewardship of this ecologically significant place.

In this manner, local community organizations are working to shift away from an unsustainable tourist ‘consumer’ economy and moving incrementally towards a new ‘conserver’ economy, where broken cultures are restored and damaged SES are re-built. The communities see education tourism as having the potential to support an economic return from visiting learners while expanding local learning opportunities.

Seven principles for education tourism:
1) Attract co-learners: we welcome others to learn with us.
2) Community reciprocity: we share benefits between communities.
3) Local knowledge holders are experts: local people are reimbursed for sharing their knowledge.
4) Learning networks of practice: together, we are creating a culture of learning and collaborative problem solving.
5) Stewardship-in-place: every community has an outdoor classroom and a place to learn from the land.
6) Holistic hands-on learning: we learn best by applied learning and practice.
7) Cultural safety and sharing: we create safe spaces for learning and healing across cultural boundaries.

Practical Outcomes

The West Coast learning initiative has demonstrated innovative solutions for sustainable livelihood challenges. As more organisations contribute to education programme development, education initiatives for local and visiting learners increase, resulting in a broader distribution of economic benefits and sustainable livelihood options. In 2017, for example, 75 educational courses and 356 educational events were offered, over 150 temporary work opportunities were created delivering educational courses, and 712 temporary positions were created to deliver educational events. In 2019, these benefits have expanded to include 320 educational courses, 1,032 educational events, 66 seasonal positions and 2,064 temporary positions.

The West Coast NEST motivates both lateral and vertical connectivity across local communities in the region, as well as organisations who share a vision for higher learning and contribute to sustainable economic diversification. Working within the principles and values of a Nuu-chah-nulth worldview helps to guide a regional vision for higher learning while also supporting a shared culture of place-based stewardship. Likewise, training has been provided for over 40 students of a leadership program, from Nuu-chah-nulth and non-Nuu-chah- nulth communities, who continue to volunteer their time to local community projects.

Local economic development capacity is growing with the following programmes: First Nation Tourism Training certificate, governance training, grant writing workshops, strategic career management training and Critical Incident Stress Management Training in partnership with three First Nations and the Justice Institute of British Columbia.

The measurable benefits from education tourism help to support local municipal government plans and policies to further diversify the tourism economy and invest in sustainable economic development. The town of Tofino, for example, identifies several economic development goals in support of education tourism such as the goal for Tofino to become a centre of excellence in learning, research and development.

In summary, the West Coast NEST is an example of how cross-cultural collaboration, knowledge sharing and place-based learning are integral to transforming SES at the community level. As the number of education opportunities grow, more options for new and innovative forms of sustainable livelihoods naturally unfold, especially when supported by municipal government sustainable economic development initiatives. All these actions, when taken together, help to support the ground swell of social change and transformation underway in the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

References

Austin, M.A., Buffet, D.A., Nicholson, D.J., Scudder, G.G.E. and Stevens, V. (eds.) (2008). Taking Nature’s Pulse: The Status of Biodiversity in British Columbia [online]. Victoria, BC, Canada: Biodiversity BC. Available at: http://www. biodiversitybc.org/EN/main/downloads/tnp-introduction. html
Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (CBT) (2014a). ‘Vision’. CBT [website]. Available at: https://clayoquotbiosphere.org/about- us/overview
CBT (2014b). Regional Education Asset Inventory. Tofino, BC, Canada: Clayoquot Biosphere Trust. Available at: https:// clayoquotbiosphere.org/files/file/5d6f46b85bb19/Regional- Education-Asset-Inventory_final.pdf
CBT (2016). Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Region’s Vital Signs 2016. Tofino, BC, Canada: Clayoquot Biosphere Trust. Available at: https://clayoquotbiosphere.org/research/vital- signs
Harris, D. (2009). ‘A Court Between: Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in the British Columbia Court of Appeal’. BC Studies162 (Summer): 137–152. Available at:https://commons.allard.ubc.ca/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1181&context=fac_pubs
Lertzman, D.A. (2010). ‘Best of two worlds: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science in Ecosystem based Management’. Discussion Paper. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 10(3): 104–126. Available at: https://jem-online.org/index.php/jem/article/ download/40/12
Loucks, L., Thicke, C., Bird, G., White, B. and Harris, R. (2015). Education Tourism Market Development Strategy for the Pacific Rim Knowledge Initiative. Royal Roads University, Sooke, BC. Available at: https://clayoquotbiosphere.org/files/ file/5d6f46888bfc9/2015-Pacific-Rim-Education-Tourism- Market-Development-Strategy.pdf
Maaqutusiis Hahoulthee Stewardship Society (2017). Ahousaht Land Use Vision. Press Release, 25 January 2017. Available at: http://www.mhssahousaht.ca/news/press- release-ahousaht-land-use-vision
Murray, G. and King, L. (2012). ‘First Nations Values in Protected Area Governance: Tla-o-qui-aht Tribal Parks and Pacific Rim National Park Reserve’. Human Ecology 40: 385–395. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012- 9495-2
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2017). Final Report of the Twenty- ninth session of the International Co-ordinating Council (ICC) of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Paris, France, 12–15 June (2017). Available at: http://www. unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/images/FINAL_29MAB_ICC_REPORT_ENG.pdf

Acknowledgements

Support for this story was provided by the Community Conservation Research Network (CCRN) and the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (CBT).

The Power of Community: Effective Conservation and Sustainable Livelihoods

CCRN — Thu, 23 Nov 2017 15:40:55 +0000

This webinar presents some of the insights coming from the work of the Community Conservation Research Network (CCRN) over the past six years. Tony Charles, CCRN Director, explores the linkages of Communities, Conservation and Livelihoods by drawing on the network’s case studies of communities around the world, the environmental and livelihood challenges they face, and their efforts to respond to those challenges. The webinar highlights three big messages. (1) A diverse ‘portfolio’ of environmental stewardship is used by communities worldwide to safeguard local economies and livelihoods. (2) There is a crucial positive feedback of local communities engaging in environmental stewardship, producing healthier environments that contribute to community well-being and resilience. (3) Government support is important for the success of community conservation, and hence deserves greater attention in both policy and practical terms. The webinar includes an invitation to contribute to Communities in Action – CCRN’s global project to ‘put communities on the map’ by crowdsourcing stories of community conservation and sustainable livelihoods.

Balancing social justice and conservation concerns in an era of expanded protected area targets

Hillary Web Designer — Mon, 20 Nov 2017 21:48:08 +0000

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are increasingly recognised across the world as an important strategy for protecting marine resources, conserving biodiversity, rebuilding threatened fish stocks and restoring degraded habitats. The value of MPAs has been discussed at various global gatherings such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 and the Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban in South Africa in 2003, as well as various Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meetings. Furthermore, several conservation and fisheries development agencies have also called for action to speed up the process of marine protection and have encouraged governments to establish MPAs and MPA networks. Various conventions, protocols and agreements, all recognise the importance of the conservation of coastal and marine resources and areas, but they also highlight the need to take account of the socio-economic and cultural rights and interests of local communities living in and adjacent to such areas. Governments are faced with calls to expand MPAs and establish a representative network of MPAs but also to address the potential impacts of MPA’s, on rights, livelihoods and social wellbeing of coastal communities. This webinar explores the tensions between efforts to manage existing and extend protected areas and requirements to respect rights and livelihoods of local communities living in and adjacent to such areas. It draws on cases from South Africa to illustrate some of the tensions and challenges on the ground and explores possible shifts – in thinking, values and approaches – required to move towards an approach to marine conservation that embraces social justice principles.

Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Marine Protected Areas

CCRN — Sun, 19 Nov 2017 20:42:21 +0000

CCRN Affiliate Natalie Ban authored a new study on marine protected areas worldwide, stating urgent action is needed in Canada to make sure Indigenous rights are included in the creation and management of ocean conservation measures. Ban said with Canada recently reaching this year’s target of conserving five per cent of its oceans, and with public awareness around reconciliation with Indigenous citizens, the time is right to make gains in both areas at once.

In her study, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Marine Protected Areas, published this month in the journal Marine Policy, Ban surveyed published studies on marine protected areas around the world and found only 15 that included mentions of Indigenous rights.

Most came from Australia and countries around there. Only a few mentioned other countries, like Panama and the United States. One study was found in Canada. That study referred to the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site in Canada, where the area’s management board consists of an equal number of Haida First Nation and federal government representatives. The federal government still has ultimate authority for decisions, Ban said, but co-management has been the practice.

Coincidentally, Canada has been ramping up announcements on marine conservation in order to meet its target of conserving 10 per cent of marine territories by 2020, and it has been placing greater emphasis on reconciliation with Indigenous people. The tripartite process of creating marine protected areas in B.C., involving the federal, provincial and First Nation governments, resulted in a co-management deal that could be a model for the rest of Canada, Ban said.

Highlights of the Study

Marine protected areas are being established primarily to protect biodiversity.
Indigenous peoples have inherent rights, including to marine resources.
Marine protected areas have the potential to support Indigenous rights.
Research on MPAs and Indigenous governance and management is limited.
MPAs that involve Indigenous peoples achieve cultural conservation goals.

Follow the link for more information about the study.

Managing the Social Impacts of Conservation

CCRN — Sun, 19 Nov 2017 19:57:31 +0000

Information in this post was provided CCRN Affiliate Dr. Nathan Bennett

Concerns about the negative consequences of conservation for local people have prompted attention toward how to address the social impacts of different conservation projects, programs, and policies. Inevitably, when actions are taken to protect or manage the environment this will produce a suite of both positive and negative social impacts for local communities and resource users. Thus, a challenge for conservation and environmental decision-makers and managers is maximizing social benefits while minimizing negative burdens across social, economic, cultural, health, and governance spheres of human well-being. The last decade has seen significant advances in both the methods and the metrics for understanding how conservation and environmental management impact human well-being. There has also been increased uptake in socio-economic monitoring programs in conservation organizations and environmental agencies. Yet, little guidance exists on how to integrate the results of social impact monitoring back into conservation management and decision-making. We recommend that conservation organizations and environmental agencies take steps to better understand and address the social impacts of conservation and environmental management. This can be achieved by integrating key components of the adaptive social impact management (ASIM) cycle outlined below into decision-making and management processes**.

Conservation and environmental management can produce both positive and negative social impacts for local communities and resource users. Thus it is necessary to understand and adaptively manage the social impacts of conservation over time. This will improve social outcomes, engender local support and increase the overall effectiveness of conservation.

Adaptive social impact management
Adaptive social impact management (ASIM) is “the ongoing and cyclical process of monitoring and adaptively managing the social impacts of an initiative through the following four stages: profiling, learning, planning and implementing.”

1. Profiling – The cycle begins with defining the scope and social profile for the social impact management program. This involves identifying spatial boundaries, timelines, and available resources, as well as creating a basic profile of the social system under consideration.
2. Learning – The second stage focuses on developing an understanding of the actual positive and negative social impacts of the project to date as well as how and why these impacts have occurred. It involves data collection, analysis, evaluation, and communication.
3. Planning – During the third stage, managers and practitioners identify alternative courses of action and their respective potential impacts, deliberate and make decisions regarding which actions to take, and revise management policies and plans accordingly.
4. Implementing – The final stage is where decisions are put into action to adapt conservation and management. Lessons learned are shared across sites and to managers and policy-makers to inform decisions, policies and programs.

**For more information, refer to the related publication: Maery Kaplan-Hallam & Nathan J. Bennett (2017). Adaptive social impact management for conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology. Link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12985/full

This work was supported by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada & the Liber Ero Fellowship Program. Author affiliations include: OceanCanada Partnership (University of British Columbia), Center for Ocean Solutions (Stanford) and the Community Conservation Research Network (CCRN).

Featured image from https://nathanbennett.ca/

International Environmental Law in the Context of Communities, Conflict, Conservation and Peace by Britta Sjöstedt and Elaine Hsiao

Hillary Web Designer — Sat, 18 Nov 2017 21:47:14 +0000

Nature conservation and protected areas have had a complex history with violence, conflict and peace. The advent of fortress model conservation created a legacy of disenfranchisement, coercion and human rights abuses, while wildlife wars are creating a new trend towards armament in the call to save endangered species. International environmental law has sought to support sustainable development and international cooperation through protected areas and conservation and may also have an important role in cultivating peace in war-torn States. However, the impact of applying international environmental law on the lives and livelihoods of local communities is not always straightforward. In fact, it can lead to militarization of protected areas involving strategies that drive local communities out. Thus, conservation activities may even destabilise peacebuilding processes.

Britta Sjöstedt’s presentation will focus on the World Heritage Convention and its application to World Heritage Sites during and after armed conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Elaine Hsiao further explores this and other issues around conservation and conflict focusing on transboundary protected areas of the Greater Virunga Landscape between DRC, Rwanda and Uganda and the Kidepo Landscape between South Sudan and Uganda. Together, in this webinar by Britta Sjöstedt and Elaine Hsiao, we have an opportunity to look at the community dimensions of conflict and conservation in protected areas and to discuss opportunities for conflict transformation and ecological peacebuilding.

Indigenous Engagement in Conservation by Larry McDermott

Hillary Web Designer — Tue, 14 Nov 2017 21:44:27 +0000

What are the fundamental principles of engagement of First Nations governments, organizations and peoples in community conservation, land use and resource management issues? How can these principles, such as respect, guide process and action?

This talk will cover these questions, as well as what reconciliation means in this context. Much has been written about the importance of reconciling Traditional Knowledge with Western Natural and Social Sciences. How to reconcile the natural world with cross-cultural capacity development for equitable and sustainable conservation and livelihoods outcomes, however, is less clear. Connected people leads to healthy communities – so what needs to happen for true reconciliation to occur?

Intergenerational Knowledge Sharing of Conservation Values in Indigenous Communities by Dawn Foxcroft & Michelle Colyn

Hillary Web Designer — Wed, 08 Nov 2017 21:41:53 +0000

In this webinar, Dawn Foxcroft and Michelle Colyn discuss the power of intergenerational knowledge transmission between youth and elders and its connection to stewardship in Indigenous communities. As members of the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation, along Canada’s West Coast, and working for Uu-a-thluk, Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council Fisheries, they bring a community perspective to this topic. They explore how assimilation tactics have caused a disconnection between elders and youth, and youth and the environment; why these relationships between the generations are fundamental to the health of aquatic resources; and they highlight approaches they have used to foster these intergenerational connections grounded in Nuu-chah-nulth principles.

Community Resilience by Fikret Berkes

Hillary Web Designer — Wed, 08 Nov 2017 21:37:28 +0000

Dr. Fikret Berkes is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Manitoba and a core member of the Community Conservation Research Network team. Dr. Berkes is a leader in developing and applying the approaches of social-ecological systems, resilience, community-based management, adaptive co-management, indigenous knowledge and the commons.

In this webinar, Dr. Berkes explores the significance of community resilience. After first describing the ideas of resilience and the importance of studying resilience through a social-ecological systems lens, he presents a framework for addressing community resilience, and approaches for strengthening resilience within local communities. Dr. Berkes then engages in a conversation with CCRN Director Dr. Anthony Charles, exploring further questions arising on community resilience.