Community Conservation Research Network |

Coastal Communities At The Ready

CCRN — Fri, 11 Oct 2019 17:48:28 +0000

Coastal Communities… At the Ready is a new film that explores how coastal communities are preparing for, and responding to, a range of climate change impacts and other hazards hitting the coast. That includes everything from hurricanes and other extreme weather, to floods and erosion, to tsunamis and oil spills.

“Most of the world’s people live by the sea and are under the threat of a variety of marine hazards. Marine hazards are not new on the coast but they are becoming more common and more intense under the pressures of climate change. Where the sea meets the land in coastal communities, developing good responses to the impending threats is vitally important.” (from the film)

Coastal Communities… At the Ready combines global perspectives with the experiences of two Canadian coastal communities – Tofino and the District of Clare – to examine how communities can adapt to climate change, and prepare for hazards, with a focus on the tools and knowledge that can lead to success.

This 13-minute film will be of interest to all those concerned about living on the coast, making a living at sea, and dealing with climate change – including communities and community associations, citizen organizations, governments and policy-makers. The film, which is also suitable for school and university classrooms, provides a better understanding of the issues and challenges coastal communities face, and how they can overcome these challenges.

Produced by Nexus Media. Executive Producer: Anthony Charles. Funded by the Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network (MEOPAR), the Community Conservation Research Network (CCRN) and Saint Mary’s University.

Nakatuenita: Respect

CCRN — Sun, 17 Mar 2019 17:00:27 +0000

Pressured by the Church and Governments the Innu were settled into communities in the middle of the 20th Century, then the Churchill Falls Hydro Project flooded vast areas of their land without permission. Their communities fell apart and into despair.

Now the Innu are taking back control of their land, government, schools, social services and their resources which are overseen by the Environmental Guardians.

Timor Leste

CCRN — Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:12:24 +0000

Produced by Cintia Nascimento, this video focuses on coastal conservation in Timor Leste.

Born on the Rocks

CCRN — Tue, 20 Feb 2018 21:09:48 +0000

The story of the coastal communities of the Tsitsikamma and their relationship with the National Park and Marine Protected Area. Gradually, throughout the years they lose access to the natural resources around them which has dire consequences for their livelihoods. Check out this CCRN funded video produced by CCRN student Ella-Kari Muhl.

Listen to the accounts of local community members as they describe and express the struggles and challenges related to the implementation of the marine protected area, and how the current challenges are endangering the future of the community. The video highlights the values and needs of the local residents, and, through those values, demonstrates indicators and practices that would lead to success. For more information, check out the CCRN Tsitsikamma community story.

Marine Ecosystem Reference Guide (MERG)

CCRN — Wed, 31 Jan 2018 19:51:07 +0000

For the past several years, CCRN partner West Coast Aquatic has been working on a tool to support decision-making that is ecosystem-based and inclusive of multiple knowledge systems (indigenous, local and scientific). Over 200 information layers have been gathered for Barkley and Clayoquot Sounds, which allow a user to see how ecological, cultural and social values intersect in the marine space with human uses. Compatibilities can highlight economic and other opportunities, while conflicts signal the need for management considerations.

The tool is called the Marine Ecosystem Reference Guide (MERG), and is ready for use. It can be freely accessed, on any web browser, without the need to download an app or extension.

Marineguide.ca (no www in front) or https://marineguide.ca/MarineEcosystem/

Users can include industry who are developing proposal applications, Indigenous and other governments who are reviewing proposal applications, multi-sector resource co-management tables, academia doing research in the region, and interested members of the public.

MERG is simple to use, and includes both short “Get Started” document and a comprehensive online “Help” guide to support navigation of the tool. In addition to viewing the information layers included in the tool, users can also privately upload and view their own information in relation to the tool’s layers.

MERG will be continually updated. Annual updates will be made (e.g. to tenure and licence information), and the goal is to expand the geographic scope to include most of the west coast of Vancouver Island.

MERG is replicable. If groups in other areas are interested in developing a similar tool, West Coast Aquatic would be pleased to share their experience.

All information and images provided by CCRN Researcher Tawney Lem.

Sea and Indigenous people

CCRN — Tue, 12 Dec 2017 15:58:06 +0000

Directorate of Coastal and Small Island Utilization, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia in cooperation with Faculty of Human Ecology from Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and CCRN researchers (Dr. Arif Satria and Ahmad Mony) in Indonesia have launched a book titled “Laut dan Masyarakat Adat” or “Sea and Indigenous Peoples”. This book is the result of research on five indigenous communities inhabiting five small islands, Kawio Island, Kawaluso Island, Talaud Island, Liki Island, and Selaru Island. These five islands have direct border with neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Philippines, Palau, and Australia. The launching of this book brings Dr. Arif Satria as the main speaker and Prof. Dr. Dietrich G. Bengen from Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty – IPB as the discussant.

The book explores several topics, such as: defining Indigenous / local communities, economic and institutional profiles, problems and challenges facing Indigenous peoples, agrarian (land-based) bias, empowerment gaps, and roadmaps towards indigenous / local community empowerment. It is hoped that the publication of this book can provide an overview of the condition and existence of Indigenous and tribal peoples in Indonesia, especially in small islands, in order to maintain its sustainability. Currently the book is in Indonesian, however, those interested in the book can visit: https://kompas.id/gerai/belanja/buku/laut-dan-masyarakat-adat/

Book Review Event of “Sea and Indigenous People”

The launching of this book was attended by a number of stakeholders such as the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Village, Ministry of Bappenas, and a number of international and local NGOs. Dr. Arif Satria explained that the writing of this book became the foundation for the dissemination of the discourse of coastal and marine resource management based on indigenous peoples found in this research. National policies that have made room for the implementation of community resource management practices should be welcomed with innovative research to formulate effective and sustainable policy and action plans.

This book has been adopted as a basis in formulating policies and action plans for the empowerment of indigenous peoples who inhabit small islands by the Directorate of Coastal and Small Island Utilization, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia. The parties commit to continue similar research for other indigenous communities, and will use the SES approach (social ecological system) as the main approach of research. It is expected that appropriate coastal and marine resource management models will surface and will be implemented in indigenous communities in Indonesia.

Information in this post, and all images, were provided by CCRN Researcher Ahmad Mony.

Maintaining coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean in Canada

CCRN — Tue, 12 Dec 2017 15:47:59 +0000

Article Originally posted/authored on November 21, 2017 by CCRN researcher Nathan Bennett. This article is re-posted with permission from the author.

A team of academics, Indigenous peoples, fishers, and NGOs, including CCRN researchers Nathan Bennett and Natalie Ban, and CCRN Director Anthony Charles, recently published a review and policy perspective paper in Marine Policy urging that access for coastal and Indigenous communities should be a priority consideration in all policies and decision-making processes related to fisheries and the ocean in Canada. The ability to use and benefit from marine resources (including fisheries) and areas of the ocean or coast is central to the sustainability of coastal communities. In Canada, however, access to marine resources and spaces is a significant and growing issue for many coastal and Indigenous communities due to an increasingly busy ocean: ocean-related development, competition over fisheries and marine resources, and marine planning and conservation activities that confine activities to certain areas. Loss of access has implications for the well-being, including economic, social, cultural, health, and political considerations, and persistence of coastal and Indigenous communities across the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic coasts of Canada. The vibrancy and continuity of these communities is important to Canadian society for many reasons, including identity, autonomy, sovereignty, culture, healthy rural-urban dynamics, and environmental sustainability. Greater attention is needed to the various factors that support or undermine the ability of coastal and Indigenous communities to access and benefit from the ocean and how to reverse the current trend to ensure that coastal and Indigenous communities thrive in the future.

KEY MESSAGES

Access to marine resources and the ocean is important for the well-being of coastal populations. In Canada, the ability of many coastal and Indigenous communities to access and benefit from the ocean is a growing issue. Access for coastal and Indigenous communities should be a priority consideration in all policies and decision-making processes related to fisheries and the ocean in Canada. Taking action now could reverse the current trend and ensure that coastal and Indigenous communities thrive in the future.

Recommended actions include:

Ensuring access is proactively and transparently considered in all fisheries and ocean-related decisions.
Supporting policy-relevant research on access issues to fill knowledge gaps and enable effective policy and management responses.
Making data publicly available and accessible and including communities in decision-making processes that grant or restrict access to adjacent marine resources and spaces.
Ensuring updated laws, policies and planning processes explicitly incorporate access considerations.
Identifying and taking priority actions now to maintain and increase access, when appropriate and sustainable, for coastal and Indigenous communities.

For more information, refer to the following publication and policy brief:

Bennett NJ et al. 2018. Coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean: A policy imperative for Canada. Marine Policy 87:186–193. Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X17306413

Policy Brief: Maintaining coastal and Indigenous community access to marine resources and the ocean in Canada

Link to original post: https://nathanbennett.ca/2017/11/21/maintaining-coastal-and-indigenous-community-access-to-marine-resources-and-the-ocean-in-canada/

Balancing social justice and conservation concerns in an era of expanded protected area targets

Hillary Web Designer — Mon, 20 Nov 2017 21:48:08 +0000

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are increasingly recognised across the world as an important strategy for protecting marine resources, conserving biodiversity, rebuilding threatened fish stocks and restoring degraded habitats. The value of MPAs has been discussed at various global gatherings such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 and the Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban in South Africa in 2003, as well as various Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meetings. Furthermore, several conservation and fisheries development agencies have also called for action to speed up the process of marine protection and have encouraged governments to establish MPAs and MPA networks. Various conventions, protocols and agreements, all recognise the importance of the conservation of coastal and marine resources and areas, but they also highlight the need to take account of the socio-economic and cultural rights and interests of local communities living in and adjacent to such areas. Governments are faced with calls to expand MPAs and establish a representative network of MPAs but also to address the potential impacts of MPA’s, on rights, livelihoods and social wellbeing of coastal communities. This webinar explores the tensions between efforts to manage existing and extend protected areas and requirements to respect rights and livelihoods of local communities living in and adjacent to such areas. It draws on cases from South Africa to illustrate some of the tensions and challenges on the ground and explores possible shifts – in thinking, values and approaches – required to move towards an approach to marine conservation that embraces social justice principles.

Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Marine Protected Areas

CCRN — Sun, 19 Nov 2017 20:42:21 +0000

CCRN Affiliate Natalie Ban authored a new study on marine protected areas worldwide, stating urgent action is needed in Canada to make sure Indigenous rights are included in the creation and management of ocean conservation measures. Ban said with Canada recently reaching this year’s target of conserving five per cent of its oceans, and with public awareness around reconciliation with Indigenous citizens, the time is right to make gains in both areas at once.

In her study, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Marine Protected Areas, published this month in the journal Marine Policy, Ban surveyed published studies on marine protected areas around the world and found only 15 that included mentions of Indigenous rights.

Most came from Australia and countries around there. Only a few mentioned other countries, like Panama and the United States. One study was found in Canada. That study referred to the Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Haida Heritage Site in Canada, where the area’s management board consists of an equal number of Haida First Nation and federal government representatives. The federal government still has ultimate authority for decisions, Ban said, but co-management has been the practice.

Coincidentally, Canada has been ramping up announcements on marine conservation in order to meet its target of conserving 10 per cent of marine territories by 2020, and it has been placing greater emphasis on reconciliation with Indigenous people. The tripartite process of creating marine protected areas in B.C., involving the federal, provincial and First Nation governments, resulted in a co-management deal that could be a model for the rest of Canada, Ban said.

Highlights of the Study

Marine protected areas are being established primarily to protect biodiversity.
Indigenous peoples have inherent rights, including to marine resources.
Marine protected areas have the potential to support Indigenous rights.
Research on MPAs and Indigenous governance and management is limited.
MPAs that involve Indigenous peoples achieve cultural conservation goals.

Follow the link for more information about the study.

Tsitsikamma, South Africa

CCRN — Fri, 17 Nov 2017 22:01:24 +0000

View the complete CCRN’s Tsitsikamma Community Story as a PDF

Ella-Kari Muhl

Key messages

The Tsitsikamma area includes local communities whose food security and livelihoods have been impacted negatively by various government actions, notably a no-take marine protected area (MPA).
While MPAs are promoted as a long-term conservation strategy, no-take MPAs threaten the food security and cultural practices of fishers in areas of low economic opportunity and limited alternative livelihoods or transitional support.
A lack of communication between the regulating authority (SANParks) and the fishers has increased conflict in the Tsitsikamma area and endangered community members’ food security and livelihoods.
Participatory monitoring, with formalised consultation with community members, may reduce conflict and strengthen conservation goals.

Community profile

Tsitsikamma, or ‘place of much water’ in Khoisan (the local Indigenous language), is an area interlinking the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area (MPA) spans 80 km and affects the food security, cultural practices and livelihoods of eight communities, including Thornham, Stormsrivier, Nompumelelo and Sanddrif (Figure 1). The Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) MPA was created in 1964, following the 1962 IUCN World Parks Congress. The TNP MPA is the oldest in South Africa.

Figure 1: The location of the TNP MPA relevant to the local communities

At first, fishing was permitted in certain areas of the Tsitsikamma MPA, with a permit. This was later restricted in 1976 to only one area, before ultimately becoming a “no-take” MPA in 2000. Since this year, local fishers have been barred from harvesting marine resources despite historically having had access to the ocean and coastal resources. The communities have been reliant on mixed livelihoods, including fishing, for generations. There are currently 5,434 people residing in the four communities who, due to low economic opportunity, are reliant on fishing for food security and consider it part of their cultural practice.

Conservation and livelihood challenges

Historically, the South African government enforced racially exclusionary rules for accessing the coast and its resources, leading to the marginalisation of rural coastal communities (especially in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal), which were dependent on coastal resources for their food security and livelihoods^(2,11). In the wake of apartheid, South Africa’s National Parks have come under increased pressure to reconcile the wealth of natural resources to the social and economic needs of the previously oppressed black rural communities⁽¹⁾.

The impacts of “no-take” MPA

With the abolition of apartheid and introduction of democracy, it was hoped that the right of small-scale and subsistence fishers would be restored in accordance with their culture and tradition^(10).When the legislative change to a “no take” MPA took place in 2000 under the Marine Living Resource Act 18 of 1998, it was shown to affect not only food security for the fishers and their families but also their cultural identity and heritage ⁽⁷⁾. The Thornham, Stormsrivier, Nompumelelo and Sanddrif communities have been reliant on fishing as a form of food security. With the loss of access to fish, there has been a reported decline in health and increase in crime⁽⁴⁾.

Fishers stated that, in addition, their well-being has been affected by the closure of the MPA, as fishing is part of their identity⁽¹⁾. The current top-down governmental conservation programme, which introduced a no-take MPA as a form of conservation to promote sustainability and biodiversity, was implemented without consultation with the community, and subsequently has elevated conflict between community members and the regulating authority.

Food security, customary rights and livelihood impacts

With no alternative livelihood provided, local village economies remain limited with few economic opportunities available (Figure 2). Local household economies are poor and under severe stress.

In 2016, for example, only 52.6% of households met the financial requirements for food security, which increases fisher’s dependence on marine resources as a supplementary food source. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) housing built by the South African government in 2001 to create Nompumelelo village added 480 households to the area, placing additional pressure on resources⁽⁶⁾. The timing of the completion of RDP housing coincided with the delineation of a no-take MPA, thus increased competition for work, and placed strain on local amenities, with already limited public services and health care.

The change in coastal access and legislation has had a negative effect on the community with a loss of livelihoods, fishing and recreational activity. The community describe themselves as being “born on the rocks (coast)”, claiming original ancestry from the indigenous Khoi-san people, indicating a consideration of the coast as a part of their culture and traditions^(1,6).

Many residents in Tsitsikamma have also historically relied on coastal forests for a range of amenities, such as medicinal plants, honey and woods for fuels and building materials, which they are also denied access to.

Figure 2: A former fisher, no longer allowed to access the coast, writes poetry about the sea now.

The lack of recognition as stakeholders and exclusion from the coastline has illustrated that unless social and ecological factors are considered with the design of the MPA, illegal fishing and conflict will continue between SANParks (South African National Parks) and the local communities.

Community initiatives

In 1994, the community created the Tsitsikamma Angling Forum (TAF) to represent local fishers who wanted access to the coast. The TAF have formally petitioned against the TNP in 1976, 1995, 2006, and 2015. They have also worked with a task team comprised of the Kou Kamma municipality and SANParks to reopen the TNP in 2006, 2014 and 2015. The TAF actively protested SANParks in 2007, when 70 members fished illegally in the Tsitsikamma MPA.

Over time, the community has become increasingly mobilized and in 2015, following workshops between the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Oceans and Coasts Branch, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), SANParks, the local municipality (Kou Kamma) and representatives from TAF, a decision was made to open specific areas within the MPA for fishing with restrictions. The plan to reopen certain areas was approved in December 2015 through promulgation of a government gazette but was then blocked by the Friends of the Tsitsikamma, an association that obtained a court interdict against SANParks, DEA and TAF in January 2016⁽⁹⁾.

Figure 3: Map depicting the three coastal control zones within the Tsitsikamma MPA

Legal recognition of historically disadvantaged residents

Following the closure in January 2016, the TNP MPA was rezoned later in December 2016 in the new government gazette 40511⁽⁸⁾ to allow three controlled fishing areas to be opened (Figure 3). However, the MPA re-opening process has been questioned as consultation was not carried out with local community members and was poorly conceptualized with little practical changes for community member’s food security or livelihoods.

At present, community members are required to purchase a permit. However, older fishers and minors are either prohibited or unable to fish under the new gazette ruling, halting the multi-generational transfer of knowledge. This prevents the oral traditions and teachings of the older generation from passing down to the present. The subsequent absence of SANParks at the controlled zones prevents fishers from communicating effectively with rangers and leads to miscommunication and further resentment towards SANParks.

The challenges and lack of capacity within SANParks reveal the vulnerability of the Tsitsikamma fishing communities and the need to incorporate local ecological knowledge (LEK) and community members into partnerships with researchers and authorities to better manage MPAs.

Practical outcomes

The Tsitsikamma community have issues of food security and a lack of economic opportunities or alternative livelihoods (Figure 4). The creation of the no-take MPA has disrupted a reliance on fish as a contribution to food and cultural practices^(1,5).

The community members have identified five solutions that would be the most beneficial towards restoring trust between community fishers and SANParks (Figure 5).

(1) Collaboration

Community members and government officials need to work together through a duty of care and environmental stewardship for the Tsitsikamma MPA, along with an understanding that fishers would protect the resource, as long as their cultural rights were preserved and they are allowed access to harvest medicinal plants, fish and other forest items sustainably.

(2) Transgenerational access to the Tsitsikamma MPA

Emphasis is placed on elders and minors being able to access the coast for fishing and cultural practices. The older generation hold the knowledge and cultural practices from their ancestors – they are instrumental in teaching the youth the importance of using natural resources sustainably and teaching them about the species of fish, the types of medicinal plants and how to harvest them in an environmentally friendly manner.

Figure 4: The Stormsrivier mouth which is located centrally in the park and would be accessible to fishers, however is reserved for tourists.

(3) Education

The fishers expressed interest in environmental education workshops for both adults and children, as almost a whole generation has not had access to the sea resulting in loss of knowledge. Fishers listed workshops as being beneficial so that they could better understand why certain species were not allowed to be caught. This would also help to clarify rules as, at present, the new government gazette is unclear and some fishers are unsure of why certain rules are in place.

(4) Communication

To empower fishers and effectively promote collaboration, communication is necessary between relevant government departments, SANParks, and working groups made up of interested parties, scientists and elected community members. Increasing the capacity of and empowering local fishers to participate in decision-making processes leads to practical, real solutions that strengthen ownership and promote care of the resource.

(5) Acknowledgement of customary rights and access rights

In order to improve management, increased understanding of government officials of the fishers’ customary rights and importance of access will foster respect and promote conservation, as well as help reduce tensions and conflict between the two parties.

Future concerns

Dialogue between the community and the regulating authorities is improving; however, for there to be a successful conservation impact, policy makers need to widely consult on proposed changes before implementing them. Top-down processes of government control only serve to further marginalise the community and promote resentment. A working partnership is necessary to establish trust and understanding with an emphasis on local ecological knowledge combined with scientific expertise for better policy and practice.

Figure 5: The Thornham Focus Group members with their list of practical outcomes

References

Faasen, H. (2006). ‘Synergies between biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural development of adjacent communities: a case study of the Tsitsikamma National Park’. Master’s thesis (Conservation Ecology and Entomology). University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Available at: https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/2913
Glavovic, B.C., Boonzaier, S. (2007). Confronting coastal poverty: Building sustainable coastal livelihoods in South Africa. Ocean & Coastal Management 50(1–2), pp.1–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ocecoaman.2006.07.001
Maharajh, R. J. (2003). ‘Values and concerns in decision- making about a waste reduction incinerator at Stormsriver, Tsitsikamma: A case study in applied ethics’. Master’s thesis (Philosophy). University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Muhl, E.-K. (2016). ‘Food security and livelihood threats: an investigation into the lives of the fishers bordering the Tsitsikamma National Park’. Honours thesis (unpublished). University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Muhl, E.K. (2019). ‘An analysis of the Perceptions Surrounding the re-Zoning of the Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area’. Master’s thesis (Environmental and Geographical Science). Faculty of Science, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/31347
Muhl, E.-K., Esteves Dias, A.C. and Armitage, D. (2020). ‘Experiences With Governance in Three Marine Conservation Zoning Initiatives: Parameters for Assessment and Pathways Forward’. Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 629. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00629
Muhl, E.K. and Sowman, M., 2020. Rights, Resources, Rezoning and the Challenges of Governance in South Africa’s Oldest Marine Protected Area. Conservation and Society 18(4): 366. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/ cs.cs_19_154
Republic of South Africa (2016). ‘Protected Areas Act, 2003, Act No. 57. Regulations for the Management of the Tsitsikamma National Park Marine Protected Area’. Government Gazette, Vol. 618, No. 40511, Regulation No. 10676, 19 December 2016. Pretoria. South Africa: Government Printing Works. Available at: https://www. environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/ protectedareasact57of2003%29_regulations_ sitsikammanationalpark_gg40511_0.pdf
Republic of South Africa Department of Environment, Forestry & Fisheries (RSA DEFF) (2016). ‘Settlement reached in court on the pilot recreational angling project in the Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area’. RSA DEFF [website]. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/courtsettlement_tsitsikammamarineprotectedarea; https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/ courtjudment_ontsitsikammamarineprotectedarea2016.pdf
Sowman, M., Scott, D., Green, L.J.F., Hara, M.M., Hauck, M., Kirsten, K., Paterson, B., Raemaekers, S., Jones, K., Sunde, J. and Turpie, J.K. (2013). ‘Shallow waters: social science research in South Africa’s marine environment’. African Journal of Marine Science 35(3): 385–402. Available at: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2013.836134
Sunde, J. (2014). Customary governance and expressions of living customary law at Dwesa-Cwebe: contributions to small- scale fisheries governance in South Africa. Doctoral thesis (Environmental and Geographical Science). Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Available at: https://open.uct.ac.za/ handle/11427/13275

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges the involvement of the community members, as well as the support of her supervisors, Philile Mbatha and Professor Merle Sowman.

Check out this CCRN funded video produced by CCRN student Ella-Kari Muhl.